CUNY Adjunct Labor
Item set
Title
CUNY Adjunct Labor
Description
The CUNY Adjunct Labor collection documents three decades (1970-2001) of organizing efforts by part-time faculty and graduate students at CUNY to advance their interests as contingent workers. The collection emphasizes labor and organizing issues specific to adjuncts, within the Professional Staff Congress (PSC), the CUNY faculty-staff-graduate student union, and across the City University of New York system at large. Through newsletters, correspondence, legal documents, memoranda, flyers, minutes, and newspaper clippings, among other items, the collection presents a view of CUNY history that incorporates the struggles of adjuncts to win better wages, benefits, and working conditions. The documents in the collection, for the most part, are drawn from the PSC archives at NYU’s Tamiment Institute Library and the Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives.
CUNY’s increased reliance on adjunct labor began with the implementation of Open Admissions at CUNY in 1970, which had significantly increased the system’s undergraduate enrollment to more than 250,000 by 1972. The use of part-time faculty at CUNY reflected national trends toward the de-professionalization of the academic labor force, as well as the broader movement in international labor markets toward a culture of labor fragmentation, dis-organization, and precarity. Because adjunct workers are undervalued and thus vulnerable in both the labor force and the larger labor movement, the CUNY adjuncts struggled for paid office hours, health and unemployment insurance, a formal grievance process, union representation, and reductions in pay disparities between full- and part-time workers, among other adjunct-specific concerns. These struggles had been waged largely on the initiative of adjuncts themselves, who organized across campuses and pressured both CUNY and the PSC to protect their interests. The persistence of CUNY adjunct teachers in their struggle for rights and representation arguably strengthened CUNY as well as the PSC itself.
Beginning in 1969 with the efforts of the United Federation of College Teachers (UFCT), a union of instructional staff and lecturers (a title later replaced by that of "adjunct"), and continuing with attempts to organize independent unions and non-union worker associations for part-time labor, CUNY adjunct labor had a formative influence on, and a sometimes contentious relationship with, the PSC leadership and membership. The PSC formed in 1972 through a merger of the UFCT with the Legislative Conference (LC), the full-time faculty union.
In 1974, the Adjunct Faculty Association (AFA) filed a New York Public Employment Relations Board (PERB) “Improper Practice Charge” against the PSC, charging that it had intentionally undermined the position of adjunct labor in its contract agreement with CUNY. Ultimately, this conflict did not result in the splintering of PSC, but shortly thereafter the Committee for Part-Time Personnel (CP-TP) was established to represent the interests of part-time CUNY faculty within the union. The CP-TP was able to win adjunct-specific provisions in CUNY's 1977 contract agreement with the PSC which offered incremental pay increases for adjuncts based on length of service, and also in the 1983 contract, which included the relaxation of workload limits on adjunct teachers and early notification of re-appointment and non-re-appointment.
In 1986, the Doctoral Students’ Council (DSC) at the CUNY Graduate Center, along with the Graduate Students’ Union, formed the self-identified Part-Time Instructional and Research Staff Union (PTU) and also submitted a petition to the PERB for separate certification, which was denied. However, in the same year, the 1986 contract agreement included employer-funded health insurance and tuition remission for adjunct faculty. The DSC continued to press adjunct issues, and in the 1990s formed the CUNY Adjunct Project, a research and organizing group of graduate student adjuncts that agitated for improved wages and working conditions for contingent faculty.
In the early 2000s, the New Caucus ran candidates for PSC leadership positions against the City University Unity Caucus (CUUC/Unity) that had controlled the union’s top officer positions for almost 25 years. The New Caucus ran on a platform that included a call for increased part-time representation in the PSC and – in part due to the large vote by adjuncts – won control of the PSC. Union struggles led on behalf of and by adjunct labor continue (for instance, in the "7K for Adjuncts" campaign of 2019) both within the PSC and through breakaway activist groups. These continuing struggles ultimately demonstrate that in addition to improving adjuncts’ working conditions and pay, the fight for adjunct equity within the union has the ability to fulfill the promise of the PSC and CUNY– an institution that was established to further the nation’s promise of access to higher education opportunities.
The collection was curated by Chloe Smolarski and Irwin Yellowitz from documents provided by the PSC and Marcia Newfield, to whom gratitude is due.
CUNY’s increased reliance on adjunct labor began with the implementation of Open Admissions at CUNY in 1970, which had significantly increased the system’s undergraduate enrollment to more than 250,000 by 1972. The use of part-time faculty at CUNY reflected national trends toward the de-professionalization of the academic labor force, as well as the broader movement in international labor markets toward a culture of labor fragmentation, dis-organization, and precarity. Because adjunct workers are undervalued and thus vulnerable in both the labor force and the larger labor movement, the CUNY adjuncts struggled for paid office hours, health and unemployment insurance, a formal grievance process, union representation, and reductions in pay disparities between full- and part-time workers, among other adjunct-specific concerns. These struggles had been waged largely on the initiative of adjuncts themselves, who organized across campuses and pressured both CUNY and the PSC to protect their interests. The persistence of CUNY adjunct teachers in their struggle for rights and representation arguably strengthened CUNY as well as the PSC itself.
Beginning in 1969 with the efforts of the United Federation of College Teachers (UFCT), a union of instructional staff and lecturers (a title later replaced by that of "adjunct"), and continuing with attempts to organize independent unions and non-union worker associations for part-time labor, CUNY adjunct labor had a formative influence on, and a sometimes contentious relationship with, the PSC leadership and membership. The PSC formed in 1972 through a merger of the UFCT with the Legislative Conference (LC), the full-time faculty union.
In 1974, the Adjunct Faculty Association (AFA) filed a New York Public Employment Relations Board (PERB) “Improper Practice Charge” against the PSC, charging that it had intentionally undermined the position of adjunct labor in its contract agreement with CUNY. Ultimately, this conflict did not result in the splintering of PSC, but shortly thereafter the Committee for Part-Time Personnel (CP-TP) was established to represent the interests of part-time CUNY faculty within the union. The CP-TP was able to win adjunct-specific provisions in CUNY's 1977 contract agreement with the PSC which offered incremental pay increases for adjuncts based on length of service, and also in the 1983 contract, which included the relaxation of workload limits on adjunct teachers and early notification of re-appointment and non-re-appointment.
In 1986, the Doctoral Students’ Council (DSC) at the CUNY Graduate Center, along with the Graduate Students’ Union, formed the self-identified Part-Time Instructional and Research Staff Union (PTU) and also submitted a petition to the PERB for separate certification, which was denied. However, in the same year, the 1986 contract agreement included employer-funded health insurance and tuition remission for adjunct faculty. The DSC continued to press adjunct issues, and in the 1990s formed the CUNY Adjunct Project, a research and organizing group of graduate student adjuncts that agitated for improved wages and working conditions for contingent faculty.
In the early 2000s, the New Caucus ran candidates for PSC leadership positions against the City University Unity Caucus (CUUC/Unity) that had controlled the union’s top officer positions for almost 25 years. The New Caucus ran on a platform that included a call for increased part-time representation in the PSC and – in part due to the large vote by adjuncts – won control of the PSC. Union struggles led on behalf of and by adjunct labor continue (for instance, in the "7K for Adjuncts" campaign of 2019) both within the PSC and through breakaway activist groups. These continuing struggles ultimately demonstrate that in addition to improving adjuncts’ working conditions and pay, the fight for adjunct equity within the union has the ability to fulfill the promise of the PSC and CUNY– an institution that was established to further the nation’s promise of access to higher education opportunities.
The collection was curated by Chloe Smolarski and Irwin Yellowitz from documents provided by the PSC and Marcia Newfield, to whom gratitude is due.
Language
English
Creator
CUNY Digital History Archive
Source
Professional Staff Congress/CUNY (PSC)

Collection
CUNY Adjunct Labor
Time Periods
1970-1977 Open Admissions - Fiscal Crisis - State Takeover
1978-1992 Retrenchment - Austerity - Tuition
1993-1999 End of Remediation and Open Admissions in Senior Colleges
2000-2010 Centralization of CUNY
Items
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Letter from the "Adjunct and Part-time Faculty Caucus" Posted on the walls of John Jay College in 1973, this letter from the Executive Committee of the "Adjunct and Part-time Faculty Caucus" called for broader support from the CUNY community for the dignity and rights of adjunct faculty. In addition to highlighting pay and fringe benefit disparities, it discussed the fact that adjuncts had been pressing the union to work more vigorously for their interests, which included pro-rata pay, health coverage, and increased job security. The "Adjunct and Part-time Faculty Caucus" was a group formed in 1973. Chaired by David Allen, the group published and circulated challenges to the contract the PSC had negotiated, which it alleged had failed to advocate sufficiently for the rights of adjunct faculty. -
Clarion: Professional Staff Congress (PSC) demands This 1972 PSC/Clarion article included some of the Professional Staff Congress's (PSC) demands for adjuncts. It called for adjunct tenure to be obtained after the tenth semester, preferential hiring rights for full-time positions, salary increases, and fringe benefits for adjunct faculty. The Clarion is the newspaper of the Professional Staff Congress, City University of New York. -
Vote for Unity: United Federation of College Teachers/Legislative Conference Merger Talks This 1971 memo, written by the United Federation of College Teachers (UFCT), described the merger talks between the UFCT and the Legislative Conference (LC) and the obstacles to consolidation into what would become the Professional Staff Congress. It faulted the LC for advocating "optional" affiliation, which would have allowed union members to join either the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) or the National Education Association (NEA), thereby splitting the faculty union and weakening its bargaining power. The UFCT advocated "joint" affiliation with the two national organizations to provide faculty with a single, unified representative in contract negotiations. During the 1960s, the United Federation of College Teachers (UFCT), and the Legislative Conference (LC) were the two main organizations that advocated for CUNY faculty. The UFCT represented part-time faculty and lecturers while the LC was the union of tenured professors. The groups merged in 1972 to form the Professional Staff Congress, which represents CUNY faculty today. -
Letter to Legislative Conference Members This letter from 1971, signed by Belle Zeller, the chair of the Legislative Conference (LC), was addressed to LC members. It requested that members identify part-time faculty represented by the United Federation of College Teachers (UFCT) who would be "interested in the preservation of academic freedom, the extension of the principle of shared governance and the negotiation of a rightful package of economic benefits." This request was in response to opposition to the LC by the UFCT. During the 1960s, the United Federation of College Teachers (UFCT), and the Legislative Conference (LC) were the two main organizations that advocated for the concerns of CUNY faculty. The UFCT represented part-time faculty and lecturers while the LC was the union of tenured professors. The groups merged in 1972 to form the Professional Staff Congress, which represents CUNY faculty today. -
"Will You Listen to this Cry for Justice?" This flyer, produced and circulated in 1970 by the United Federation of College Teachers (UFCT), called for students and teachers to stand together and demand that CUNY honor the contract. It stated that despite 6,000 lecturers and teaching assistants (adjuncts) teaching 40 percent of CUNY's undergraduate courses and many more needed to accommodate CUNY's recently implemented Open Admissions program and the Search for Education, Elevation, and Knowledge (SEEK) program, lecturers were being fired and their hours and salaries cut.During the 1960s, the United Federation of College Teachers (UFCT), and the Legislative Conference (LC) were the two main organizations that advocated for the concerns of CUNY faculty. The UFCT represented part-time faculty and lecturers while the LC was the union of tenured professors. The groups merged in 1972 to form the Professional Staff Congress, which represents CUNY faculty today. -
Draft of an Appeal to the City University Community This draft of a 1970 appeal to the CUNY community was written by the United Federation of College Teachers (UFCT). It accused tCUNY of paying teachers "sweatshop wages" with the objective of obtaining cheap labor for the open enrollment program. The document mentioned the hourly pay schedule established for adjuncts (a recently created title), which was intended to compensate people supplementing other full-time careers, and then noted the manner in which the administration was exploiting the Adjunct title for cheap labor. The appeal also described the conversions from lecturer positions to various Adjunct titles not being honored. -
Oral History Interview with Marcia Newfield Conducted January 31, 2017, as part of the Professional Staff Congress's (PSC) oral history initiative, this interview, conducted by Irwin Yellowitz with Marcia Newfield, covered her time at the Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC) as an adjunct faculty member and her years as the vice president for part-time instructors (2003-2015) at the PSC. Hired as an adjunct at Borough Manhattan Community College (BMCC) in 1988, Newfield quickly became involved with the PSC and worked on issues such as healthcare, contract negotiations, and adjunct pay. In addition to her varied personal experiences at CUNY, Newfield touched on a variety of other topics, including the history of adjuncts at CUNY and the efforts of the New Caucus leadership beginning in 2000.